Assessment of English Language Learners Essay Sample free essay sample

Examinations are a basic instrument in managing the progression of English phonetic correspondence researchers at all class degrees. The main plan of evaluations is to ensure understudies are having quality learning bearing in adjustment to scholarly and content measures. Despite the fact that these preliminaries are non the solitary asset utilized for demonstrating understudies. they give teachers invaluable informations to discover if the student is turning in certain scholastic nations. There are a few kinds of examination that can be utilized to mensurate a student’s progression. In this paper. arranged alternatives to examinations will be talked about that will uplift the ELLs English capability. Evaluation of English Language LearnersMany understudies that are brought up in the United States can effectively comprehend the English etymological correspondence. We will compose a custom exposition test on Evaluation of English Language Learners Essay Sample or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Nonetheless. there are other than students that do non talk English and it is non their essential semantic correspondence. hence these students need to arraign in heading and evaluations that will help them to get the English etymological correspondence. Helping understudies to get English can be an eager endeavor for teachers. in any case, it must be done in a way that is generally efficacious. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 recommends that understudies be evaluated in numerous competent nations paying little mind to their level of capacity to talk and get English. To ensure understudies are being shown substance and scholarly rules. an incredible exchange of obligation has been put in the guardianships of areas and school regions to keep them liable for the data understudies are larning. There have been evaluations placed into topographic point to move up informations on student achievement and how great they are geting English. Numerous preliminaries may look out of line. be that as it may, one thing it does is help teachers rate their instructional examples and help them alter subsequently. The Elementary and Secondary School Act of 2001 made an interest that all schools give an examination to students that have constrained English capability. In the region of Louisiana. The English Language Development Assessment ( ELDA ) is given to understudies to discover their level of English capability. This preliminary measures the student’s larning capacities in a few nations, for example, perusing. making. discourse creation. what's more, tuning in. This preliminary is given to understudies on a yearly balance which is typically in February and March. School regions utilize this preliminary to flexibly quality guidance designs for English semantic correspondence researchers and gracefully them with the important changes required trying to be fruitful in geting English. Many inquire as to whether these sorts of preliminary advantage English semantic correspondence researchers. On the off chance that there are numerous advantages. they are non unmistakably observed. English semantic correspondence researchers are required to take preliminaries in which they are relied upon to make each piece great as their English discourse creation rises to on both substance and scholastic measures. This by itself is an impediment to students. For representation. on the off chance that an English etymological correspondence researcher moves to the United States from another non-English discourse creation state so the chance of the understudy cognizing each piece much as English discourse creation students are about incomprehensible. Another burden to English etymological correspondence researchers taking the normalized preliminary is that it is socially one-sided. The ELDA contains stuff that students from another human progress may non be acquainted with. Since the preliminary ought to non be socially one-sided. preliminaries ought to non incorporate data that would perplex English etymological correspondence researchers. One way to better this issue is to hold regions and school regions meet up and make a study on what civic establishments are generally overall in the domain and make a preliminary that will suit the requests of these students. Despite the fact that there are a few detriments to the ELDA. one favorable position for understudies is that demonstrating destinations are permitted to do modifications for the students. A few changes that are made for students are: 1. Understudies have expanded clasp to complete evaluations. 2. Understudies are permitted to have data through sound-related. visual and haptic and other centripetal exercises trying to expand misgiving of evaluation stuff. 3. Understudies can work in a domain that has less interruptions trying to stay on attempted. 4. Understudies can hold waies rehashed to them and hold waies said in their local semantic correspondence ( www. Branch of Energy. area. La. us ) . There are non numerous favorable circumstances for English etymological correspondence researchers while government sanctioned testing is concerned. Instructors will hold to make individualized courses in managing students’ headway to infer genuine evaluation results. Section Two While trying to determine utilitarian and positive criticism from English etymological correspondence researchers. educators must use on-going examinations. Though normalized preliminaries simply give data on understudies during a specific segment of the twelvemonth. on-going evaluations will let educators to oversee students’ headway all through the twelvemonth. Casual examinations are great in administering the progression of understudies. One sort of casual evaluation is the utilization of capacity playing. During capacity playing. students are offered opportunities to talk in English covering with various condition of affairss. This evaluation will permit the educator identify how great the understudy is fathoms the situations and how they react to them. This sort of examination is viable in light of the fact that it permits students to set the English etymological correspondence into use expanding their English capability. Another sort of examinations that can be utilized is portfolios. Portfolios are other than ready to direct students’ progression ceaselessly during the twelvemonth. An arrangement of the students’, for example, accounts. drawings. teacher notes. introductions. what's more, achievements work will be gathered by the educator so their progression can be explored and to gracefully conveniently and approach input. The teacher can take to use what stuff ought to be remembered for the portfolio what's more let the students to take what they would wish to hold set in the portfolio. The advantage of holding portfolios is that understudies can reevaluate their work and direct their headway. This kind of examination other than keeps students occupied with the securing method. One advantage of holding portfolios is that understudies can see tests of their work and ponder their ain individual developing and achievements. Synergistic gathering work is another signifier of evaluation that can be used with English etymological correspondence researchers. â€Å"Collaborative work assists ELLs with having a sense of security. work easily at a degree where entrance incitements are kept at a lower limit. what's more, exhibit proficiency to teachers in casual ways† ( Daniel. Lenski et Al. . 2006. pg. 31 ) . Collective gathering work is an evaluation that empowers duologue between students that can uplift obtaining. This kind of evaluation is acceptable in that it permits students to open up and let obtaining to take topographic point that corresponds with the single securing habits. One preferred position to this examination is understudies are permitted to spin between the English phonetic correspondence and their local etymological correspondence to keep up the duologue moving. Understudies can indict self-appraisal each piece great to administer student headway. Self-appraisals urge understudies to arraign in their ain procurement and evaluate themselves on how they think they are come oning or what challenges they may go up against. â€Å"Student-included schoolroom evaluation system and welcomes understudies in as life partners. managing their ain degrees of achievement† ( Stiggins A ; Chappis. 2005. pg. 13 ) . At the point when educators utilize self-evaluations. they ought to keep up in head the different degrees of semantic correspondence capability and ought to back up them by executing instructional plans that will help them go autonomous researchers. An outline of self-appraisal is leting understudies to use a Connections diagram. This plan draws in understudies in perusing an account and filet at specific focuses while doing associations with other stuff they have perused. This movement non only increments phonetic correspondence capability yet education achievements as great. Educator perceptions other than known as â€Å"kid watching† can be utilized as a signifier of evaluation other than. Educators ought to recognize students in their common obtaining condition. Instructor perceptions should flexibly data about the students’ physical. enthusiastic. cultural. what's more, sound practices that can advance securing or ruin it. To divide perceptions with students. teacher could do a meeting log with each child’s open introduction. This will help the teacher execute useful plans that will elevate student’s securing. Examinations are of import in overseeing students’ developing over a time of clasp. They are basic in helping teachers plan proper and useful plans that will uplift students’ open introduction. Results from these examinations control educators in doing adjustments to the exercise varying. There is non one examination that will suit the requests of all students ; consequently. grouped kinds of examinations ought to be utilized to acquire genuine results of student’s progression. Notices Instruction. L. D. ( 2012. December 10 ) . English Language Developement Assessment. Recovered from Louisiana Department of Education: hypertext trans

Unmasking the Meaning Essay Example for Free

Exposing the Meaning Essay In, â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† by Edgar Allan Poe, Prince Prospero accepts he can get away from the inescapable plague using his social and financial force. In the wake of experiencing a â€Å"masked figure† of the Red Death, Prince Prospero falls into fierceness of the puzzling man who intrudes on his disguise. On account of his wild and stupid acts, Prince Prospero and the visitors of his disguise fall under the control of death. Poe makes an entry portraying Prince Prospero’s royal residence, including a few depictions of its shading and request direction. In this entry, Poe utilizes descriptor provisos and straightforward compound sentences to build up an imagery towards the items in his purposeful anecdote. In one of the lines of the, Poe composes ‘†The second chamber was purple in its decorations and woven artworks, and here the sheets were purple†, depicting the subjects itself and improving them with the expansion of a descriptive word provision. Poe’s expansion of the modifier proviso â€Å"here the sheets were purple† makes a top to bottom importance of the item. Poe proceeds onward to underscore the last room by clouding portrayal, expressing that â€Å"The seventh condo was firmly covered in dark velvet woven artworks that draped everywhere throughout the roof and down the walls.† Poe unmistakably recognizes these particular sentences contrasted with his others. He advances, going as far to broaden the sentences by adding a few additional descriptive words to determine a shrouded meaning. Moreover, Poe movements to draw more consideration towards the seventh loft, creating separate sentences to upgrade the last sentence â€Å"The seventh condo was† The descriptor statements are no doubt Poe’s expectation for perusers to pull in enthusiasm for the seventh condo and for them to reveal its centrality. All through the section, Poe portrays every condo with just straightforward compound sentences. Be that as it may, as the entry proceeds onward, Poe shifts from â€Å"That workmanship the eastern limit was hung, for instance, in blue †and distinctively blue were its windows† to â€Å"The fourth was outfitted and lit with orange †the fifth with white †the 6th with violet.† The initial three basic compound sentences portraying the six different condos all fuse youth (blue), instinct (purple), life (green), essentialness of perseverance (orange), immaculateness (white), and otherworldliness (violet). Poe created straightforward a compound sentences for, blue, purple, and green, however a basic sentence, â€Å"The fourth was outfitted and lit with orange †the fifth with white †the 6th with violet† for the other fused hues. This represents Prince Prospero’s favor of youth, instinct, and life, however needs imperativeness, immaculateness, and otherworldliness. In this way, Poe separates Prince Prospero’s finishing up shading, dark, by moving again from compound sentences to a mind boggling sentence. He composes, â€Å"The seventh condo was firmly covered in dark velvet embroideries that draped everywhere throughout the roof and down the dividers, falling in substantial folds upon a rug of a similar material and hue† to underscore Prince Prospero’s enthusiasm for death. Ruler Prospero’s activities, for example, endeavoring to his evade his issues and passing, is the most sensible clarification to Poe’s reason of exchanging sentence structure. Exchanging sentence structure creates an away from in the significance of the shading and loft. Consequently, Poe utilizes both descriptive word provisions and straightforward compound sentences to light up Prince Prospero. The emblematic hues and Poe’s linguistic structure uncovers his degenerate character.

Comparison Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Correlation Critique - Essay Example rd (Hippolyta, sovereign of the Amazons, probably met Theseus in battle), he will marry her â€Å"with grandeur, with triumph, and with reveling’ with a stupendous festival to start on the double and last until the wedding. The request that was given to the young to be in the cheerfulness mind-set shows that there was abuse of power to the individuals in the general public who had nearly nothing or nothing to state by any means. This can be a genuine case of autocracy. The lords are additionally known to be despots in the nations that they rule in light of the fact that the authority is acquired without giving a lot of thought to the initiative characteristics (Bloom and Janyce 28). Egeus, an Athenian resident, shows up at Theseuss royal residence with an emergency. Hes made arrangements for his girl, Hermia, to wed Demetrius, yet this other person named Lysander has figured out how to take his little girls heart. Presently Hermia will not wed Demetrius. Egeus is offended and needs Theseus to give Hermia capital punishment for her defiance, per Athenian law. The marriage courses of action appear to have fizzled in light of the fact that the little girl will not wed the man that the ruler had decided for her. This means the lord doesn't acknowledge to allow others to settle on their own decision. He directs even the relatives an all out domineering society (Shurin 195). Duke Theseus needs to be sensible, so he encourages Hermia to be a decent young lady and hear her out dad. Hermia level out can't, so Theseus gives her two elective choices: 1) acknowledge capital punishment as discipline for insubordination, or 2) become a cloister adherent and stay a virgin until the end of time. Hermia has four days to choose her destiny. In the general public, there are consistently guides who will come to offer guidance on the premise that they give it a second thought. They come to convince somebody to plan something for please somebody. Duke is such an individual who is encouraging Hermia to marry somebody who isn't her decision however her inner voice advises her not to. Some of the time it is a great idea to follow someone’s inner voice since it is in every case directly on certain circumstances

The rise and fall of Myspace - 1100 Words

The rise and fall of Myspace (Essay Sample) Content: Social Status: The Rise and Fall of Myspace Name: Institution: Rise and fall of Myspace Introduction In this rapidly changing world of technology, techie, and social media companies are always in a hurry to catch up with the marketplace trends. The establishment of dominance is no longer a determinant of success. There are innovations each day and requires a highly creative team to ensure that a company remains relevant to the needs and wants of the consumers. No company is immune to change and competition. Myspace rose to power about thirteen years ago. However, the lack of a sustainable plan, coupled with the inability to enhance creativity and flawed mergers, pushed the social media mogul into a sudden fall, only six years after its development. Discussion Myspace developers were blindsided by the need to become a trendsetter in the world of social media and forgot to assess the possible challenges their developing language would cause to the site. The company used a poor language, ColdFusion, which was not only user unfriendly but also limited the level of creativity. The developing language did not allow developers from outside to add new applications to the site. As a result, Myspace became redundant, and Facebook easily overtook it, with the help of their open-source-code model. Also, the buying out of the company by News Corporation pressurizes the social site to sustain a particular performance level, instead of focusing on the enhancement of the already existing technological factors of the site. Myspaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inability to limit illegal content posed a threat, especially to children, who had no restrictions on visiting the site. Therefore, Myspace received a negative opinion of endangering children by exposing them to social media predators, among other non-child friendly content. So all in all, it is Myspaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mismanagement that is to blame for the unexpected fall of the social media guru. When Facebook came into the market, they aimed at maximizing on Myspaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failures. Unlike Myspace, Facebookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s open-source-code promoted creativity and allowed the users to interact more with the networking program. It also gave the users an opportunity to form personalized networks and even search for their classmates. Myspace lacked a competitive edge since it only offered a broad search but also lacked the customization that responded to customer needs. Most of the advertisements posted on Myspace were disturbing and repulsive, a factor that disgusted most users and forced most of them to exit the network. The inability to restrict promotional content on the site chased most of the users. As a result, the mass departure of users meant that there was less audience for marketing hence most advertisers opted to cut ties with Myspace. So, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenue, which largely emanated from promotional content, reduced the beginning of Myspaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problems. When Facebook was only in its initial stages, Myspace was the social media giant. At first, Facebook ignored a section of its users, a move that aided the company to analyze and measure the ability of Myspace to cater for the consumer segment (Walter, 2013). Many people would argue that Facebookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ignoring of a portion of its users was non-entrepreneurial. However, Facebook only did so as to enable it to have an ample time to study the market, so as to determine whether there was a need to venture into the ignored markets. Facebook began as a mere social media site that connected people. However, as time passed by, the company diversified into marketing. One thing to note is that Facebook waited until it had majority consumer population, before venturing into advertisements and promotional content. At the time of Myspaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rise, Friendster, an Asian company, dominated the social media market. Friendster grew into one of the leading venture capitalist firms in the world and attracted numerous offers from wealthy corporations all over the world. In 2003, Google moved in to buy out Friendster at a $30million offer, which the company declined. On the other hand, Myspace had gained traction and became a great competitor to Friendster. In 2005, News Corporation bought out Myspace at $580million. It is the buying out of bot Friendster and Myspace that sparked the downfall and inability of the two companies to beat Facebook, which is currently a giant in the social media market. Widespread mismanagement and the diverted attention from technological creativity became the downfall of both Myspace and Friendster. Acquisition by big firms can be both advantageous and dangerous, especially for small companies. The new owners were unable to cater for the needs of the clients of Friendster and Myspace, a factor that enhanced the appeal of Facebook to social sites users. The cultural organization of News Corporation did not promote innovation. So, Myspace lagged behind in creativity and became too boring, particularly for the users who wanted a creative platform to enhance the development of personalized applications (Hartung, 2011). It is important to know the right time to sell and when not to sell. Companies should only sell under a particular set of circumstances. First, the company should be at its peak, enjoying the highest possible returns. Secondly, it should have a majority shareholder of the market and i...

Juvenelian Satire in A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift...

Effectively ushering change in society or pointing out faults that have existed and gone unnoticed can be a daunting task for any social commentator. Often, blandly protesting grievances or concerns can fall upon deaf ears and change can be slow or non-existent. However, Jonathan Swift in his pamphlet A Modest Proposal, uses clever, targeted, and ironic criticism to bring the social state of Ireland to the attention of indolent aristocrats. He accomplishes such criticism through satire, specifically Juvenalian satire. Swift’s A Modest Proposal stands as an example of the type of satire that plays upon the audience’s emotion by creating anger concerning the indifference of the voice created. He complements such criticism with sophisticated,†¦show more content†¦This fact arouses anger, in that the audience realizes the proposer seems indifferent to the fact that he is proposing to murder thousands of children. Contrastingly, such morally unconventional solutions would not exist in a calmer, straight forward Horatian satire. Yet, even in evaluating how anger is emotionally imposed on the audience due to the absurdity of the proposal, it’s impossible to disregard the role of humor. There are obvious elements of humor throughout the proposal and amusement in the very nature of the proposal is expected. However, any sense of humor abruptly disappears at the heart of the critism. When the proposer begins stating â€Å"I can think of no one objection that will possibly be raised against this proposal† the humor stops and the voice of Swift, as well as sharp criticism, begins. Although humor may be an integral part of the proposal and certainly a partial indication of the use of Horatian satire, the fact that humor isn’t present throughout the whole proposal suggests that the use of hilarity is secondary. Rather, this contrast of humor and emotionally imposed irritation only helps to emphasize the role of anger. This is espec ially evident when one considers the irony that litters the humorous proposal. Swift’s development of the absurd proposalShow MoreRelatedSatire Modest Proposal Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesears and change can be slow or non-existent. However some social commentators, such as Jonathan Swift in his pamphlet A Modest Proposal, use clever, targeted, and ironic criticism to bring the social state of Ireland to the attention of indolent aristocrats. He accomplishes such criticism through satire, specifically Juvenanlian satire. Swift’s A Modest Proposal stands as a perfect example of the type of satire that plays upon the audience’s emotion by creating anger concerning the indifference of

Essay on Prison Violence - 2678 Words

When we do research on daily prison life, we come across two typical but less than ideal situations: either social imaginaries cloud our judgment or information provided by the prisons themselves hide certain weak or bad aspects that they do not want to make public. We can also find information on TV, but most of the time it either exaggerates or minimizes the facts. In order to obtain more reliable information, we have to have access to people who are working or have worked in this institution, and such will be the sources of this essay. We will be describing and giving examples of prison violence according to three types of violence: sexual, physical and psychological violence. First of all, one of the types of prison violence - which†¦show more content†¦If the newcomer is heterosexual the typical practical joke consists on one hardened criminal tricking him or her to have sex under the pretext of protecting the newcomer against other prisoners if they do so. It is a crue l joke because the joker has previously informed several people what the newcomer will do. The heterosexual loses his dignity because from that moment on he or she will be seen as homosexual or bisexual, anyway, as a weak, coward and fearful person. If the newcomer is a rapist, he or she wont be lucky. It is incredible, but all types of prisoners -except for rapists- really loathe rapists. Prisoners will take revenge for what rapists have done to society, and this revenge will be even worse if they were imprisoned due to rape of children or elderly people. As it was stated before, prison sexual violence can also be performed by paying for sex or sexual favors. There are two types of payment: drugs or benefits. If the prisoner is a drug addict, he or she will need to satisfy his or her addiction, so the addict will have to sell his or her body in order to get money to pay for the drugs which can only be acquired from prisoners who have more power or who belong to a powerful gang or g roup in prison who can acquire the drugs. Prisons are as micro-societies where all the negative values are exacerbated and the positive ones reduced. As in all societies, there is also a market, illegal and difficult to beatShow MoreRelatedViolence in Prisons2027 Words   |  9 Pageswant to go to prison. One of the main reasons is the violence, and this violence occurs in every prison around the world. Violence can be attributed to rape, overcrowding, gangs and to the particular justice systems. These justice systems include such countries as Brazil where violent episodes that include beheadings have occurred. Much of the prison crisis has been blamed on delays in the country’s legal system. This is because of how inmates receive extended sentences and poor prison managementRead MorePrison Gang Integration And Inmate Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The reality of prison gangs cannot be over look. Many inmates join gangs for safety and protection during their incarceration. â€Å"Prison gangs is an organization which operates within prison systems as a self-perpetuating entity, consisting a group of inmates who establishes and organize chain of commands† (Pyrooz Mitchell). They also are governed by an established prison code. Research has shown that prison gangs have effects on non-gang members and the prison system. I will examine tenRead More No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime and Violence Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime nbsp; Students are shooting up schools across the country. Kids as young as twelve and thirteen are being convicted of murdering their peers. Right here in Hanover, two teens have been charged with the murders of Dartmouth professors. Although juvenile crime across the country may not be on the rise, high publicity, headline-grabbing juvenile-perpetrated homicides certainly are. nbsp; Prosecutors, attempting to satiate public demand for justice, haveRead More Gangs and Violence in The Prison System Essay2007 Words   |  9 PagesGangs and Violence in the Prison System Introduction Gang violence is nationwide and is one of the most prominent problems in the prison system today. Gangs are known to attempt to control the prisons/jails, instill fear within the prison system and throughout the society, and bring negative attention to the system. â€Å"Gang affiliated inmates comprise about 18 percent of the 18000 inmate population.†(Seabrook) A growing numbers of inmates and a large amount of them serving longer sentences forRead MoreTorture and Custodial Violence in Prisons12554 Words   |  51 PagesNational Human Rights Commission, New Delhi, India Project Report On â€Å" Torture and Custodial Violence in Prisons â€Å" Submitted By- Yashwardhan Pratap Singh 1st year, B.A.LLB Course, Jindal Global Law School, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana. Report on - The Custodial Violence and Torture In Prisons: Can it be justified even if done for a greater good? Where to draw the line between the autonomy of the police and the rights of the prisoners ? Basic StructureRead MoreHow Prison Life Really Works Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesHow prison life really works Prison life is much harsher than jail. In prison you stay inside until you are done with your sentence or until you die; jail is nothing compared to prison. Each prisoner is locked out from the outside world. Each inmate is in there for different crimes they have committed outside and inside the prison. It is very interesting to see how the inmates survive in prison and how they adapt to their new lives because in prison they are blocked from the outside world. TheRead MoreA Report By Mother Jones Reporter Shane Bauer Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesJones reporter Shane Bauer, who worked as a prison guard for four months to research his article, says that one fifth of prison inmates have been physically assaulted by another prisoner or a guard. Between 3% and 9% of male inmates say they have been sexually assaulted behind bars suggesting that up to 180,000 current inmates may have been sexually assaulted of which only 8,800 cases have been officially reported. Women, who form 7% of the total prison population, have higher figures for sexual victimizationRead MorePrisons Are A Violent Dangerous And Hospitable Place For Any Person1666 Words   |  7 Pages Prisons are a violent, dangerous and hospitable place for any person. A significant amount of academic research and literature exists on the underlying causes of prison tension, violence and misbehaviour within the prison system. Pre 1950 violent outbreaks in the where a largely rare occurrence. Post 1950 violence and riots become a more common occurrence within the prison system. Literature around this issue suggests three main theories of approach when examining the fundamental causes of prisonRead MorePrison Is The Most Common Form Of Criminal Punishment1289 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: A prison is a facility that holds offenders who have been convicted, or found guilty, of serious crimes. The government use prisons to keep them in the custody of the state and under a controlled environment for a certain amount of time, which varies depending upon the circumstances of their confinement; also, these facilities are used to separate them from society. Prisons propose education and health care to their inmates, but also offer danger to them. Prisons are a serious placeRead MoreThe Code And Norms Of Prison1146 Words   |  5 PagesPeople who suddenly find themselves sentenced to prison usually face a great deal of fear and uncertainty. These feelings stem from the differences that an inmate experiences versus how a â€Å"civilian† experiences life on the outside of prison. Accepted societal norms put aside for the codes and norms of prison inmates. Examples of the different experiences can be found when the convicted person first enters the prison. There are a series of steps they take through the processing center and they

What Is Computer Architecture Essay Example For Students

What Is Computer Architecture Essay Computer Architecture 1. There have been a lot of developments in microprocessors since the 286 chip. The 286 CPU are no longer sold and are very rarely found in commercial use today because of its running speed, which is between 10MHz to 20MHz. This processor has a 24-bit address bus, and is able to address up to 16 million different address locations. It also has two operating modes, which are real mode and protected mode. The real mode is basically for normal DOS operations and it uses only 8086 code (8086 was the previous CPU). When it was in protected mode the CPU is able to access beyond the 1mb address limit and employed its added features, which were intended for multi-tasking operations such as Windows, but this CPU is not powerful enough to carry out these multi-tasking operations. The 286 came with a bus width of 16-bit internal, 24-bit address, and 16-bit external, with an external speed of between 6MHz – 25MHz, and an internal speed of between 6MHz – 25MHz. The next CPU was the 386, this is also no longer produced it had a slightly faster running speeds which are between 16MHz to 40MHz. This CPU could carry out effective multi tasking operations. It also had a substantial improvement in both memory management and it had an enlarged instruction set. It is also the minimum CPU for running windows. It came in two types the 386 SX and the 386 DX. The SX had a 32-bit internal data path but it only had a 16-bit path between the CPU and the computer memory. The DX on the other hand had a 32-bit data bus between the CPU and the memory chips allowing larger data transfers so it had faster through put. It also was able to use external cache memory, usually about 64k, which also improved performance. The 386 came in two different types they both had a internal bus width of 32 bit, the SX had a address bus width of 24 bit, and a external bus width of 16 bit, its internal and external speed was between 16MHz – 33MHz. The DX however had an a ddress and external bus width of 32 bit, its internal and external speed was between 33MHz–40MHz. The 486 were the next CPU, this is still produced, there was little change to the 386 instruction set, but the 486 ran at speeds between 20MHz to 100MHz. There was more emphasis placed on the enhancements to improve the performance. It was also available in the DX and SX varieties. The difference between them was that the DX had a maths co-processor the SX did not, the Motherboards that used the 486SX chip had a spare maths co-processor socket to upgrade to a DX. The 486 chip because of its design to carry out the most common instructions in a single clock cycle this was a faster than the previous CPUs. It also had 8k of bit in cache memory, the new burst mode it had, allowed memory transfers from consecutive memory locations to be carried out at one clock cycle. The 486 came in four different types they all had a bus width of 32 bit (internal, address, and external), with an external speed of between 20MHz – 50MHz. The differences between them were in the internal speeds of t he CPU. The SX had an internal speed of between 20MHz – 50MHz, the DX had an internal speed of between 25MHz – 50MHz, the DX2 had an internal speed of between 50MHz – 66MHz. The DX4 had an internal speed of between 100MHz – 120MHz, which was actually faster than the bottom of the Pentium range. The Pentium CPU came and is the current entry level standard for computers. This CPU is effectively two that are in the one chip. This then allows two instructions to be executed in parallel, which means it greatly speeds up throughput. It also has the main mathematical operations hard wired into the chip this then means that it can be up to ten times faster than the 486DX maths coprocessor can. All the Pentium models are supercalar. The basic chip has two integer processing pipelines. It also has a branch prediction facility which is 90% of the time correctly predicts the flow of the program and fetches the instruction from the buffer area. This type of CPU has a specially designed high performance Floating Point Unit and a 16 bit internal cache. The Pentium CPUs have a bus width of 232-bit internal, 32-bit address, and 64-bit external, with an external speed of between 33MHz – 83MHz, and an internal speed of between 63MHz – 233MHz. 2. The term RAM stands for random access memory which is a storage device made up of silicon chips. A computer has two types of RAM these use arrays of transistor switches to store the binary data or in other words the switches on the chips can change, which is done by an electrical current being passed through them. This type of memory is volatile which means that any information that is in it when the computer is switched off is then lost, apart from the program which is being run at that time which is unaffected as it is only a copy of it. This then means that the users created data has to be saved before the computer is switched off. The term ROM stands for read only memory that can only be read but cannot be written to. This type of memory is not volatile this means that all the switches on the silicon chips are already set, which means that any information that is in it when the computer is switched off is then kept. The computer BIOS is stored in this type of chip so that the basic computer control programs are available as soon as the computer is switched on so it can operate. These ROM chips cannot be changed unlike the RAM chips. The computer also sets the patterns on these chips form commands, information or programs that the needs to operate. This means the data is hard-wired into the ROM chip. You can store the chip forever and the data will always be there. Besides, the data is very secure. The BIOS is stored on ROM because the user cannot disrupt the information. There are different types of ROM, too:1. Programmable ROM (PROM). This is basically a blank ROM chip that can be written to, but only once. I t is much like a CD-R drive that burns the data into the CD. Some companies use special machinery to write Proms for special purposes. 2. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM). This is just like PROM, except that you can erase the ROM by shining a special ultra-violet light into a sensor atop the ROM chip for a certain amount of time. Doing this wipes the data out, allowing it to be rewritten. Population Growth Essay2- Transfer the data. 3- Telling it what it wants to do. 4. The diagram on the last page shows how CPU registers are used, the diagram is called the Fetch / Execute Cycle, and there is two main parts, the fetch cycle and the execute cycle. These cycles can be divided into a more specific description of how the registers are used, the fetch part of the cycle is the same regardless of the instruction but the instructions will change in the execute part of the cycle. This cycle can be broken down into a more detailed account of how the various registers are used they are detailed below. Registers, are specialized storage areas, these are used to hold information temporarily while it is being decoded. Each of these registers has a defined purpose to carry out so that the computer can operate effectively. A General-purpose registers that are used for performing arithmetic functions. A Current instruction registers that contain both the operator and the operand of the current instruction. The Program Counter is the register that holds the address of the next instruction to be carried out these instruction are automatically incremented to the next instruction. But when the current instruction is a branch or jump instruction, then that address is copied from the instruction to the Program Counter. The Program Counter is copied to the Memory Address Register which hold the address of the memory locations from which information will be read or to which data will be written and occasionally. It will hold the address of the instruction in the fetch cycle and the information to be used in an instruction in the execute cycle. Memory data registers are used to temporarily store information read from or written to the memory. Data goes here before it goes to the Current Instruction Register where it is decoded. Once the instruction has been decoded the operand of the instruction is put in the MAR and the data will then be copied to the MDR. Any transfers of data from memory go via the MDR. The MDR and the MAR serve the system as screen registers, this allows for the difference in speed between the CPU and the memory. The CIR or Current Instruction Register is where the instruction is copied to it holds both the operator and the operand of the current instruction If the Fetch / Execute cycle is interrupted by more information then it will stack the cycle between the fetch and execute phase then deal with the new data and return to the interrupted cycle. The test for interrupts is only carried out at the end of each instruction cycle. When the item in the MDR is added to the Accumulator the whole operation carries on returning to the fetch cycle. The Accumulator is the register that carries out arithmetical functions. The status registers contain bits that are carried bases on the result of an instruction. They also contain information on interrupts to information to get a priority on less important information. All these steps are added to the program counter. Between each stage of this cycle the data is carried on busses that take it to the address part or the data part of the cycle. There are different types of bus here are two examples. The Address Bus carries addresses so that the required locations can be accessed so they can read or write data. The Data Bus transfers the information to the correct memory location. This then means from the diagram the fetch part of the cycle carries all the data to the correct one of the execute part of the cycle. The fetch part of the cycle is common while the execute part of the cycle varies. The fetch-execute cycle is as follows:The address of the instruction is copied from the PC and held in the MAR. The instruction (e.g., add x), is placed into the MDR where it is temporarily stored. The instruction (add x), is then copied to the CIR. The PC now moves on to the next instruction, (e.g., add y). While in the CIR the instruction is decoded, this determines what the instruction has to do, (add). The operand part of the instruction, (x) is then copied to the MAR. The data item (e.g., 3), whose address is still stored in the MAR, is copied to the MDR. The item held in the MDR (3) is then added to the accumulator. The process is then repeated for the next instruction, (add y). The accumulator works as follows:For example, value x = 3, y = 4, z = 7Instructions add x, add y, add zAccumulator Value = 0â€Å" = 3â€Å" = 7â€Å" = 14The root of the single cycle processor’s problems:The cycle time has to be long enough for the slowest instruction (load)Solution:Break the instruction into smaller stepsExecute each step (instead of the entire instruction) in one cycleCycle time: time it takes to execute the longest step Keep all the steps to have similar lengthUse a register to save a signal’s value whenever a signal is generated in one clock cycle and used in another cycle laterThe advantages of the multiple cycle processor:Cycle time is much shorterDifferent instructions take different number of cycles to completeLoad takes five cyclesJump only takes three cyclesAllows a functional unit to be used more than once per instruction (though requires more muxes, registers)Well, the root of these problems of course is that facts that the Single Cycle Processor’s cycle time has to be long enough for the slowest instruction. The solution is simple. Just break the instruction into smaller steps and instead of executing an entire instruction in one cycle, we will execute each of these steps in one cycle. Since the cycle time in this case will then be the time it takes to execute the longest step, our goal should be keeping all the steps to have similar length when we break up the instruction. Well the last two bullets pretty much summarise what a multiple cycle processor is all about. The first advantage of the multiple cycle processor is of course shorter cycle time than the single cycle processor. The cycle time now only has to be long enough to execute part of the instruction (point to â€Å"breaking into steps). But may be more importantly, now different instructions can take different number of cycles to complete. For example:(1) The load instruction will take five cycles to complete. (2) But the Jump instruction will only take three cycles. This feature greatly reduces the idle time inside the processor. Finally, the multiple cycle implementation allows a functional unit to be used more than once per instruction as long as it is used on different clock cycles. For example, we can use the ALU to increment the Program Counter as well as doing address calculation. Computers and Internet